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Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Durante la vida intrauterina, las alteraciones en el microambiente fetal causadas por desequilibrios nutricionales y metabólicos de la madre pueden dejar huellas epigenéticas y efectos persistentes en la vida adulta de su hijo que habrán de predisponerlo a enfermedades crónicas futuras. OBJETIVO: Llevar a cabo una revisión sistemática de la fisiopatología de la programación fetal y su repercusión en la salud futura del feto. METODOLOGÍA: Búsqueda en la base de datos de PubMed de artículos publicados, en los últimos 10 años, en inglés o español, con los MeSH "fetal programming"; "pathophysiology", con su correspondiente traducción. Se incluyeron artículos originales y de revisión con criterios PRISMA para revisiones sistemáticas. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 38 artículos, y se agregaron 7 de información complementaria y sustento para la discusión. En su análisis queda clara la relación entre las condiciones fisiopatológicas reportadas de desnutrición, sub y sobrealimentación, diabetes mellitus gestacional, obesidad, resistencia a la insulina, glucocorticoides y preeclampsia con enfermedades de la infancia, adolescencia y adultez. Se encontró evidencia de disruptores endocrinos, melatonina y disbiosis con enfermedades de la infancia y vida adulta. Así mismo, la interrupción de la angiogénesis durante el desarrollo pulmonar que conduce a hipertensión arterial pulmonar y enfisema, todo ello originado por la programación fetal epigenética. Se encontraron diferencias en el patrón de metilación de placentas prematuras en comparación con las de término. CONCLUSIONES: Las anormalidades que sobrevienen durante el embarazo modifican la programación fetal y dan pie a las enfermedades que aparecerán durante la infancia, adolescencia y adultez, como consecuencia de los cambios en el patrón de metilación de los genes.
Abstract BACKGROUND: During intrauterine life, alterations in the fetal microenvironment caused by maternal nutritional and metabolic imbalances may leave epigenetic imprints and persistent effects on fetal adult life that will predispose the fetus to future chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a systematic review of the pathophysiology of fetal programming and its impact on the future health of the fetus. METHODOLOGY: Search in the PubMed database of articles published in the last 10 years, in English or Spanish, with the MeSH "fetal programming"; "pathophysiology", with their corresponding translation. Original and review articles with PRISMA criteria for systematic reviews were included. RESULTS: Thirty-eight articles were found, and seven were added for complementary information and support for discussion. In their analysis the relationship between the reported pathophysiological conditions of under-, under- and over-nutrition, gestational diabetes mellitus, obesity, insulin resistance, glucocorticoids and pre-eclampsia with diseases of childhood, adolescence and adulthood is clear. Evidence of endocrine disruptors, melatonin and dysbiosis was found with diseases of childhood and adulthood. Also, disruption of angiogenesis during lung development leads to pulmonary arterial hypertension and emphysema, all caused by epigenetic fetal programming. Differences were found in the methylation pattern of preterm placentas compared to term placentas. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormalities that occur during pregnancy modify fetal programming and give rise to the diseases that will appear during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, because of changes in the methylation pattern of genes.
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Introducción: La artrosis es una enfermedad reumatológica calificada y certificada en Chile a través de la Comisión de Medicina Preventiva y de Invalidez, conforme al marco de la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, la Discapacidad y la Salud; pero se desconoce cómo la discapacidad derivada de la artrosis se relaciona con indicadores de salud y sociodemográficos a nivel local. Objetivo: Investigar asociaciones entre variables relacionadas con la condición de salud, sociodemográficas y de calificación de discapacidad de las personas con diagnóstico de artrosis inscritas en el Registro Nacional de la Discapacidad en la Región de los Ríos, entre los años 2017-2019. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal, realizado de forma prospectiva y descriptiva en 427 personas con diagnóstico principal de artrosis. La muestra fue seleccionada de manera no probabilística desde la base de datos otorgada por la Comisión de Medicina Preventiva y de Invalidez de la región mencionada. Se utilizó el test de Chi-cuadrado y se consideró un resultado estadísticamente significativo si el valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: La muestra presentó predominantemente un grado leve de discapacidad y movilidad reducida, sexo femenino, 56-75 años de edad, casados, dueños de casa, con educación básica como máximo nivel alcanzado, residencia en zonas urbanas y adscritos al Fondo Nacional de Salud. Estas variables presentaron una asociación estadísticamente significativa con el grado de discapacidad. En variables vinculadas a la condición de salud, predominó la presencia de comorbilidades y la localización de artrosis en el miembro inferior. Hubo una asociación significativa entre el número de articulaciones afectadas y el grado de discapacidad. Conclusiones: Existe asociación entre los factores analizados y el grado de discapacidad. Los factores sociodemográficos presentaron una implicancia importante(AU)
Introduction: Osteoarthritis is a rheumatological disease that produces a significant impact in functionality on people who suffer from it, generating disability at different levels. This disability is measured and certified in Chile through the Commission for Preventive Medicine and Disability under criteria established in the framework of the International Classification of Functioning. However, it is unknown if sociodemographic indicators and the disability caused by osteoarthritis are related locally. Objective: To investigate associations between variables related to health condition, sociodemographic indicators, and disability index on people with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis registered in the National Disability Registry in the Los Rios Region between the years 2017 and 2019. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional study, carried out in a prospective and descriptive way in 427 people with osteoarthritis as a main diagnosis, registered in the National Disability Registry in the Los Rios Region. The sample was selected in a non-probabilistic way from the database provided by in the aforementioned region. The Chi-Squared test was used, and results were considered statistically significant if p < 0.05. Results: 53.9% of the participants presented a mild degree of disability and reduced mobility. 61.1% of the sample were female, predominantly between 56-75 years of age, married, homemakers, primary school as highest level of educational attainment, residence in urban areas, and registered with the National Health Fund. These variables presented show a statistically significant association with the degree of disability. As for those variables related to health condition, the presence of comorbidity and osteoarthritis located mainly in the lower limb predominated, and there was a significant association between the number of affected joints and the degree of disability. Conclusions: there is an association between the analyzed factors and the degree of disability, in which sociodemographic factors represented meaningful implications(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Osteoarthritis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Background: The detection of anti-transglutaminase IgA (tTG) and anti-endomysial (EMA) is used for screening of celiac disease (CD) with a sensitivity and specificity of 90 and 99% respectively. There is an association between CD and connective tissue diseases (CTD). Aim: To report the frequency of IgA tTG and EMA in patients with a definite diagnosis of CTD and inflammatory arthropathies (IA). Material and Methods: One hundred forty nine patients, aged 19 to 86 years (133 females) with CTD and IA were studied. tTG were determined by ELISA and EMA by indirect immunofluorescence. Results: Eight participants had at least one positive antibody (5.4%, confidence intervals (CI) = 1.8-9), six had both (4.0% CI = 0.9-7.2) and two had only tTG positive. An intestinal biopsy was performed in four of these participants, finding a marked villous atrophy in three and partial atrophy in one. Conclusions: Five percent of this group of patients with CTD or IA had positive antibodies for CD.